a disputed estate

1 proprietà (terriera) ( con casa padronale); tenuta; possedimento: He has bought a large estate in Devon, ha comprato una grossa proprietà nel Devon

2 (GB) area edificata; complesso; zona; quartiere: housing estate, complesso abitativo; industrial estate, zona industriale; council estate, quartiere di edilizia popolare

3 piantagione: a rubber estate, una piantagione di gomma

4 (leg.) beni e diritti; situazione patrimoniale; asse patrimoniale; asse ereditario; eredità: a bankrupt's estate, la situazione patrimoniale d'un fallito; a disputed estate, un'eredità contesa

5 (lett.) condizione; stato: man's estate, la condizione umana

6 (form. o stor.) stato; classe sociale; ceto: all estates of society, tutte le classi sociali; the Three Estates (o the estates of the realm) i tre stati ( clero, nobiltà, borghesia); the Third Estate, il Terzo Stato

● estate agency, agenzia immobiliare □ estate agent, agente immobiliare; ( anche) amministratore ( di tenuta), sovrintendente ( di azienda agricola) □ (leg.) estate and property, asse patrimoniale □ ( di vino) estate-bottled, imbottigliato all'origine □ (autom., GB) estate car, station wagon; familiare; DIALOGO → - Car problems 3- I left an old, red, two-litre estate car with you this morning, stamattina ho lasciato qui da voi una vecchia due litri rossa station wagon □ (fisc., stor.: fino al 1975) estate duty, imposta di successione □ (leg.) estate in land, diritto immobiliare □ (fisc., USA) estate tax, imposta di successione ( su beni immobili).

Oppose in words: P. and V. ἀντιλέγειν (dat.), V. ὁμόσε χωρεῖν (dat.), P. ὅμοσε ἰέναι (dat.), Ar. and V. ἅπτεσθαι (gen.).

Dispute this matter with others: V. ἄλλοις ἁμιλλῶ τοῦτο (Eur., I.A. 309).

Dispute ( a claim): P. ἀμφισβητεῖν (gen.).

He disputed with us the possession of the whole estate: P. ἠμφισβήτει ἡμῖν ἅπαντος τοῦ κλήρου (Isae. 51).

Dispute ( a case at law): P. and V. ἀγωνίζεσθαι (acc.), Ar. and P. διαγωνίζεσθαι (absol.).

Discuss: see Discuss.

Oppose: P. and V. ἐναντιοῦσθαι (dat.), ἀνθίστασθαι (dat.).

V. intrans. P. and V. ἀγωνίζεσθαι, ἐρίζειν, ἁμιλλᾶσθαι, μάχεσθαι, P. ἀμφισβητεῖν

Quarrel: Ar. and P. διαφέρεσθαι; see Quarrel.

Dispute with: P. and V. ἀγωνίζεσθαι (dat. or πρός, acc.), ἐρίζειν (dat. or πρός, acc.), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι (dat. or πρός, acc.), μάχεσθαι (dat. or πρός, acc.), P. ἀμφισβητεῖν (dat.).

P. and V. ἄγων, ὁ, ἔρις, ἡ, P. ἀμφισβήτησις, ἡ, Ar. and P. ἀντιλογία, ἡ; see Contest.

Quarrel: P. and V. διαφορά, ἡ, Ar. and V. νεῖκος, τό (Plat. also but rare P.).

The property is in dispute: P. ἐπίδικός ἐστιν ὁ κλῆρος (Isae. 52).

Point in dispute: P. ἀμφισβήτημα, τό.

The points in dispute: P. τὰ διαφέροντα, τὰ ἀμφίλογα.

It is a disputed point: P. ἀμφισβητεῖται.

Beyond dispute, indisputably: P. ἀναμφισβητήτως, V. οὐκ ἀμφίλέκτως, οὐ διχορρόπως.

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.

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